Papers
Plastic Pipes Conference Association # 2014 Chicago
DALE B. EDWARDS, ANAND R. SHAH, DONALD E. DUVALL
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the processing of PVC pipes. This work has been largely embodied in ISO 18373-1-2007, Rigid PVC Pipes –differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method – Part 1: Measurement of the processing temperature and Part 2: Measurement of the enthalpy of fusion for crystallites. Part 2 of the ISO method allows for a measurement of the enthalpy for the lower of two endotherms (“A”) that are observed in a typical PVC DSC trace. A measurement procedure for obtaining the enthalpy for the second endotherm (“B”) is not included in the standard.
The processing temperature measurement (ISO 18373 Part 1) has been used on many different PVC pipes with great success, as well as the enthalpy measurement of the lower “A” endotherm. There have been several papers that describe a procedure for calculating the “percent gelation” of the PVC pipe material by using measurements of the enthalpy of both the lower and upper endotherms (“A” and “B”), even though measurement of the upper endotherm is not included in the ISO standard. Attempts have been made using these extensions of Part 2 and other published material to utilize these types of measurements in order to determine whether a particular PVC pipe was “processed correctly”. This paper investigates the precision of these measurements of both processing temperature and the percent gelation measurements in order to ascertain whether the measurements are indeed meaningful. The paper will report measurements of the processing temperature and “percent gelation”, based on DSC experiments from multiple PVC pipes and will include information with respect to the effect of sample location on the results.
Related papers
Author(s) : Dr. Henning Stieglitz
Urbanization and the increasing effects of climate change have meant the supply of fresh water and the disposal of wastewater, have become increasingly important in recent years. It is foreseeable that this demand will continue and intensify. In this context, plastic pipe plays a major role due to its unique...
Author(s) : Ajay Taraiya, Peter Degenhart, Mark Boerakker
In PPXX, a technology was presented for the first time that could bi-axially orient polyolefin pipes. With this technology, it is possible to prepare pipes that have a performance far beyond the standard ones. One approach to achieving this performance is via a continuous in-line process. To optimize the in-line...
Author(s) : Dr. Michael Pluimer, Sara Stone
The Notched Constant Ligament Stress test (NCLS test, ASTM F2136)[1] is a test method that measures the slow crack growth in High Density Polyethylene. The NCLS test requires a notch on all test specimens to act as a stress concentration at that point so crack propagation can be easily predicted and studied. In...
Author(s) : Ernst van der Stok, Mirko Wenzel, Thomas Kratochvilla, Kurt Engelsing, Werner Weßing, Britta Gerets
It has not been possible to derive an accelerated procedure for the Point Load Test (PLT) as a pipe test before now. Further research and testing were therefore needed to establish appropriate requirements for standards including EN 1555-1 to rule out uncertainty in the market. The PLT is a central product test for...
Author(s) : Sunwoong Choi, Robert Stakenborghs , Pyeongan Lee, Byoungho Choi
This work developed a hydro-axial tension (HAT) test as a whole pipe axial tensile test and applied to evaluate the polyethylene (PE) pipe and fusion joints containing various flaws. HAT test was designed to utilize hydrostatic pressure to cause axial tension in pipes. The experimental and numerical analysis was...
Author(s) : Norbert Jansen
A practical requirement of temperature resistance of minimum 50 years at 70°C was established for the extra high voltage (EHV) corridor projects in Germany. Experts have debated what tests are best suited to prove the suitability of a pipe resin for cable protection pipes which may be installed hastily and under...
Author(s) : Aisha Khaleel, Suleyman Deveci, Sulistiyanto Nugroho, Fatima AlHameli
The use of polyethylene pipes in transportation networks of pressurized water and gas have shown superb performance over the history. High density, high-molecular-weight, and bi-modal polyethylene materials, known as PE80, PE100 and PE100RC, have successfully served the market for many years in standard applications....
Author(s) : Jessica Hinczica, Mario Messiha, Florian Arbeiter, Gerald Pinter
In Europe, only 1.8 million tons of recycled material is processed in new products within the building and construction sector [1]. Recyclates and blends of recyclates with virgin materials are already used for different products in the plastic pipe industry, such as cable trays, or storm water management...
Author(s) : Steve Torchia, Justyn Miller, Gavin Guo
In the polymer world, the balance between processability and finished product property is always a hot theme. Converters are continuously evaluating the potential options to reduce total costs by increasing line speed, reducing energy consumption to obtain improved product property with lower scrap rate. Among them,...
Author(s) : Antonio Rodolfo Jr., Vanderley M. John
Unplasticized (U-PVC) ABNT NBR 5647-2 regular industrial pipe samples, with nominal diameter DN 100, outside diameter 110 mm, nominal wall thickness 7.8 mm, Ca/Zn stabilized, were studied using an essential work of fracture (EWF) approach. These pipe samples were also tested for the degree of gelation via...
Author(s) : Carine Lacroix, Philippe Louvel, Danielle Mark, Dominique Gueugnaut
A test program was carried out on two Polyamide resins, Polyamide 11 (PA11) and Polyamide 12 (PA12), both certified for gas networks. Polyamide’s advantage lies in its implementation, similar to that of polyethylene, and its properties allowing it to operate at up to 18 bar for gas, all other conditions being equal....
Author(s) : Carlos Domínguez, Predrag Micic, Rafael Juan, Nuria Robledo, Rafael A. García-Muñoz
Slow Crack Growth (SCG) resistance is the main property that must be controlled for assessing the long-term performance on polyethylene resins used for pipe application. The latest generation of bimodal and multimodal ethylene-α-olefin copolymers with exceptional balance of mechanical properties and processability...
Author(s) : Tobias Johnsen
To ensure the highest possible quality of plastic pipes for the Nordic market, the Nordic Poly Mark currently only allows virgin material or own reprocessed material. In order to accelerate the circular plastic pipe economy in the Nordics, a partnership between a PVC pipe waste collection system, a PVC pipe producer...
Author(s) : J. Lahoz
An investigation project was launched in 2020 to clarify the relationships between the processing conditions and the design lifetime of PVC-U 250 pipes. Ca/Zn stabilized pressure pipes were extruded with different processing temperatures and characterized by their DSC B-onset temperature and degree of gelation. Their...
Author(s) : Suleyman Deveci, Aisha Khaleel, Birkan Eryigit
Short and long term hydrostatic pressure resistance of plastic pipes are measured according to ISO 1167, by applying an internal pressure that is calculated for the target hoop stress considering outer diameter and wall thickness of the pipe samples. Due to the nature of the extrusion process, wall thickness...
Author(s) : Luciana Oriqui, Mauro Adamo Seabra, Antonio Rodolfo Jr.
The Brazilian PVC pipe industry maintains specific mechanisms of intense and continuous evaluation of the products regularly offered to the market. These programs are carried out by an independent third-party technical entity, within known public rules and based on the best practices of conformity assessment. Their...
Author(s) : Roland Valk
To gain an insight into the residual quality of first-generation polyethylene (PE) pipes used in the Dutch gas distribution grid, pipe segments from all over the Netherlands were excavated by the Dutch Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and tested by Kiwa Technology. The residual quality was determined by...
Author(s) : Dipl. Ing. Rainer Vießmann
The production of PVC pipes is mainly produced on counter rotating twin screw extruders as the PVC Dryblend material is readily available in powder form. Whereas PVC granules, mainly processed on single screw extruders, play a minor role in pipe production for economic reasons. The design of the extruder screws has a...
Author(s) : Saleem Shakir
Unplasticized formulations based on Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) resins offer technical solution to pressure piping systems that find extensive use in residential and industrial applications. Building upon the desirable properties of the vinyl monomer, the chlorine content of...
Author(s) : Sjoerd Jansma, René Hermkens
More than 20,000 km of rigid PVC (or PVC-U) pipes are currently in use for the distribution of natural gas in the Netherlands. In this decade, the majority of these pipes will reach their initially specified lifespan of 50 years. In the light of a possible replacement surge, it is increasingly important to...
Members of the Association
